This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic turkeys and infection rates of gastrointestinal parasites infesting turkeys and the relationship with their ages. Seventy-one dropping samples were randomly collected from turkeys reared in Erbil city from April 2019 to the end of June 2019. To diagnose the parasites using wet cotton swabs, fifty swab samples were collected from the oral cavity, esophagus, and crop. Coprological examinations of the samples were carried out in the Laboratory of the Parasites/ Veterinary Medicine College / University of Mosul. The results also showed that the total percentage of infection with gastrointestinal parasites was 35.21%. Five nematode species were recorded in Erbil city turkeys, Heterakis gallinarum 28%, Capillaria spp. 24%, Trichostrongylus spp. 16%, Strongyloides avium 12% and Ascaridia galli 4%. Furthermore, Eimeria spp. of intestinal protozoan was diagnosed, with a 48% infection rate. Strongyloides avium larvae were detected in the turkeys oral cavity swabs, with an infection rate of 4.0%. Results showed higher infection in > 8 weeks ago) (40%), 4 weeks age (30.76%), and 8 weeks age (27.77%). While the result of this indicates significant variations in the infection rates between the age of > 8 weeks and each of the ages of 4 weeks and 8 weeks. The study revealed that the majority of infection was single infection (76%), followed by double infection (16%), and mixed infection (8%).

The study aimed to determine the relationship between antibiotic resistance and the ability to produce biofilm of E.coli isolated from sheep in Nineveh Governorate. One hundred four fecal swabs were collected from healthy sheep from 1st February to 5th March 2022. Standard microbiological methods include culture on eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) and MacConkey agar, confirmed by Gram’s Stain and biochemical tests, then polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the specific gene of E.coli (uidA). Antibacterial resistance for 12 types of antibiotics and biofilm production tests were done by Congo red agar. The results showed that 92 samples at a rate of 88.46% were positive for the E.coli isolates; the study also showed that 71 isolates at a rate of 77.17% of E.coli isolates could produce biofilm. The study concluded that biofilm-producing E.coli in both forms strong and weak appear higher resistant to antibiotics other than the non-productive ones. Therefore, searching for other methods to test bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics that consider many factors such as biofilm production and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases is necessary.

Adherence to the guidelines of The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the isolation of Salmonella from faeces is important to laboratory personnel, researchers and epidemiologists to ensure effective diagnosis, maximal recovery and high sensitivity/specificity of laboratory tests. The aim of this study is to review the ISO guidelines for the detection of Salmonella from faeces using standards published by ISO and other internationally recognized bodies. The ISO 6579 of 2002 described the process for the detection of Salmonella in faeces. About 25g of faecal samples is collected, mixed together and specimen taken from different parts to ensure maximum recovery of the organism. Processes for the identification of the organism were prescribed by the standard. In the amendment made to ISO 6579 (Annex D) it was recommended that Modified Semisolid Rappaport Vasiliadis (MSRV) be used as selective enrichment medium. Further amendment made to this standard was in 2007 where clause 4 described non-selective pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, use of 2 selective solid media and biochemical tests as the 4 stages of the isolation of Salmonella in faeces. The amendment of ISO 6579 in 2017 combined the guidelines for the isolation of Salmonella species, S. Typhi/Paratyphi from milk/milk-products and faeces. It proposed the use of selenite cysteine broth in addition to Rappaport Vasiliadis (RVS) and Muller-Kauffmann Tetrathionate-Novobiocin (MkTTn) and BSA in addition to Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar for the isolation of S. typhi and paratyphi. It recommended the performance of methyl-red, Simmon-citrate, H2S, motility and urease biochemical tests, deleted Vogues Proskaer test while indole and ß-Galactosidase (ONPG) tests were made optional. This standard has evolved over the years to ensure efficient recovery of Salmonella from faeces based on real-time result and feedback received by the organization from laboratories all over the world.

Escherichia coli causes many health problems in lambs, the most prominent of which is diarrhea, the study aimed to detect the shiga toxins genes in E.coli isolated from the suckling lambs affected with diarrhea in Nineveh governorate. 91 fecal samples were collected from suckling lambs from different areas of Nineveh governorate during February 2022.Fecal sampling was performed directly from the rectum and placed in sterile containers, then transferred directly to the research unit of the veterinary medicine faculty at university of Mosul. Standard microbiological methods including culture in EMB, MacConkey and brilliance agars along with biochemical analyzes were performed. Molecular confirmations were done using specific primer sets targeting uidA gene for E.coli and Stx1 and Stx2 for shiga toxin respectively. The result of the present study showed that the prevalence rate of E.coli was 58.24%(53/91). Based on the PCR assay, the uidA, Stx1 and Stx2 were found in all the E.coli isolates 100% (53/53). It was concluded that the high isolation rate of E.coli from the lambs indicates lack of housing and hygienic procedures both for lactating ewes’ health and the environment.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 is considered a significant food-borne microorganism that causes food poisoning infections in humans every year. E. coli O157:H7 has various virulence factors such as Shiga-toxin encoding (Stx1 and Stx2). Meat and its products are considered the best meals that consumers eat every day worldwide, but meat and its products are exposed to contamination through unhygienic processing, handling, and storage. The aim of the study was the isolation of E. coli O157:H7 and detection of the uidA, Stx1, and Stx2 genes. 504 samples of meat and butchers’ shops were gathered from diverse areas in Mosul city. Classical and molecular biology techniques were used to isolate and identify E. coli O157:H7. The results appeared to indicate the total number of E. coli isolates in this study was 138 and the spread rate of E. coli O157:H7 isolated was 9.4% (13/138). The spread rate of E. coli O157:H7 was high in workers hands 4 (20%), while we did not detect E. coli O157:H7 in Machines. Additionally, all E. coli O157:H7 have the uidA, and Stx2 genes at 100%, while 92.3% of E. coli O157:H7 possess the Stx1 gene. The study concludes E. coli O157:H7 occurrences in meats and butchers’ shops and that all equipment and tools used were capable of transmitting E. coli O157:H7 to meats. Meats and butchers’ shops are a risk to humans who consume the uncooked meats.

Brucellosis is a bacterial disease in humans and animals caused by a group of organisms in the genus Brucella. It is highly contagious and one of the most important zoonosis in the world. The disease remains endemic in Nigeria and its actual incidence and prevalence are unknown due to poor surveillance and inadequate disease reporting system. A comprehensive review of the literature published online was carried out on manuscripts published as far back as 1976 to 2021, A computerized search of existing literature was conducted using the Google search engine, PubMed electronic database and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB) abstracts to identify and review relevant publications on brucellosis in animals and humans in Nigeria using the following search terms: brucellosis, malta fever, undulant fever, febrile fever, Gibraltar fever, gastric fever, remittent fever, Mediterranean fever, bangs disease and contagious bovine/ovine abortion. Our review showed that brucellosis is widely distributed in Nigeria amongst human and animal hosts. Undulant fever is the most commonly reported syndrome in humans, while abortion is the most prevalent symptom documented in animals. Serological techniques like rose-Bengal/card test (RBT), standard agglutination tests (SAT), complement fixation test (CFT), indirect enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are often used to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in human and animal hosts. Losses enumerated in the literature include those due to abortions, diminished milk production and contamination of milk, mastitis, animal culls and condemnation of infected animals due to breeding failure and inability to participate in the international animal export trade. In humans, brucellosis reduced work capacity through the sickness of the affected people and can be acquired from animals. There is need for a drastic public health interventions and control measures on brucellosis in the livestock industry in Nigeria.

Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI ) objected to producing highly efficient vaccines from reference or local isolates according to the international specifications for protecting animals and poultry against different diseases and preparing combined vaccines to save effort, time and money. VSVRI produces various types of vaccines such as live attenuated viral poultry, live attenuated viral animal vaccines, live attenuated Bacterial animal vaccines and Inactivated viral animal vaccines. These vaccines are subjected to quality assurance through seven methods with different techniques. Validity and measurement uncertainty for results were applied in the evaluation of results of the following: Titration of virus content using egg inoculation through Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM), Intra-allantoic (IA) and Tissue Culture (TC). Determination of antibody titer using ELISA, HI and VNT techniques. Finally, enumeration of aerobic bacterial count for living attenuated Bacterial vaccine by culture technique. Homogeneity and stability results for all vaccines were accepted criteria according to TS/ ISO 22117. The reproducibility component of the TC technique was higher while the Bias was lower than other different routes of egg inoculation. In conclusion, the accuracy of TC technique is better than the egg inoculation technique which will reflect on the measurement of uncertainty. There is no significant change in the final measurement uncertainty of different routes of egg inoculation. In comparison, there is a variance between bias accuracy and reproducibility precision due to the equation of measurement of uncertainty depending on all processes performed in test accuracy and precession.

To ascertain the frequency of pathogenic bacteria in Yemeni poultry meat in Maeen Area, Sanaa. This study aimed to determine the general microbiological quality characteristics and presence of Citrobacter spp. in chicken meat samples obtained from butcher shops. One hundred Fifty (150) chicken meat samples were collected randomly from local markets in Sanaa city from January to April. 2022. Based on using differential and selective media, bacteria were isolated from the samples and characterized by using biochemical tests. Vitek 2 compact was used to confirm the diagnosis. The results of this study showed that, out of 150 poultry meat samples, 140 samples (93% ) were positive and 10 samples (7 %) were negatively isolated. Among 302 isolates: Citrobacter spp 106 (35.1 %), Klebsilla spp 55 (18.2 %), Proteus vulgaris 42 (13.9 %), Sigella spp 36 (11.9 %), E. coli 27 (8.9 %), Proteus mirabilis 24 (8%) and Salmonella spp 12 (4 %). The study showed that the raw chicken meat samples of Sanaa city, Yemen were contaminated with Gram-negative potential pathogenic bacteria. We must use new methods of testing and characterization for bacteria. PCR-based methods for identifying pathogens provide more advantageous options for this purpose than conventional testing.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of gossypol on ovarian physiology, which includes oxidative stress, hormone levels, and ovarian apoptosis, and detect the positive role of quercetin and curcumin against gossypol effect. Forty-eight albino female rats were used in the experiment, divided into six groups that included the control group (corn oil), gossypol (40 mg / kg/ b.w), quercetin (100 mg / kg /b.w), curcumin (200 mg / kg / b.w), gossypol + quercetin (40 and 100 mg / kg /b.w), gossypol + curcumin (40 and 200 mg / kg /b.w). All treatments were administered orally using a gavage needle for 35 days. The results showed that gossypol significantly decreased glutathione levels compared to the control group. However, the control group showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde levels and caspase-3 levels in ovarian tissue. In addition, treatment with curcumin (alone) significantly increased the anti-Müllerian hormone level compared to the control group. Furthermore, it was observed that in treatment with the gossypol and quercetin, there were no significant differences in caspase-3 levels compared with the gossypol group. However, there was a significant increase in glutathione levels compared with the gossypol group. As well as a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels compared to the gossypol group. More research using different concentrations of these antioxidants (quercetin and curcumin) is needed to determine their effectiveness against gossypol effects. In conclusion, gossypol causes harmful effects on the ovaries of rats by inducing oxidative stress, decreasing glutathione levels, and increasing malondialdehyde levels.

Salmonella are pathogenic bacteria that can contaminate food products during or after processing. They are among the most important food borne pathogens worldwide contaminating a wide range of animal products including meat products. Human illnesses due to this pathogen are attributed to poor biosecurity in production and improper processing/handling of meat and meat products. This is more likely where surveillance and regulatory control are weak. Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, like roasted meat (Suya) in Ilorin, do not undergo any treatment to ensure its safety before consumption, therefore the risk of food borne disease occurrence must be considered if these pathogens are present in the food. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella in Suya in Ilorin, Nigeria. A total of 102 Suya samples were collected and analysed for the presence of Salmonella. Samples were obtained from 5 major markets, consisting of a total of 15 Suya retail outlets. Organism isolation and identification were done using conventional methods. Confirmation of suspected isolates was done using Microbact GNB 24E. Five samples (4.9%) were positive for Salmonella. Confirmed Salmonella isolates were evaluated in vitro for susceptibilities to 12 commonly used antimicrobial agents. All (100%) of the confirmed Salmonella isolates exhibited multiple resistance to at least 3 antibiotics and exhibited five antimicrobial resistance phenotypic patterns. The classes of antibiotics they were resistant to are: aminoglycosides, cephalosporin, penicillin and tetracycline. The isolation of Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) Salmonella species in this study makes Suya potential vehicle for the transmission of Salmonella. Effort should be made to sensitize producers of Suya on the potential risk of the product being vehicles for the transmission of food borne pathogens and the need to maintain high level hygiene during production. The public should be educated to only patronize reliable Suya joints. Constant research work should be carried out to evaluate the level of contamination of ready to eat foods like Suya in order to be able to take informed decisions.

Rabies is an acute viral zoonotic disease that affects all warm-blooded animals. Its constant evaluation of the perception of the public is essential. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices of dog owners on rabies in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. This was achieved by administering 150 structured questionnaires to dog owners, breeders and hunters in the study area using face to face interviews. The data collected were analysed using SPSS version 21. Dog owners with more than 3 dogs (13.3%) and those with one dog (50.7%) had the highest (80%) and least (47.4%) rabies vaccination rates respectively. Dogs kept for both breeding and security (18%) were vaccinated more than those kept for (74.1%) other reasons. Lhasa apso and local breeds were the highest (100%) and least (14.3%) vaccinated dogs in the study. Dogs < 1 year (30.7%) and those >6 years (0.7%) recorded (65.2%) and (0%) current rabies vaccination status respectively, while 90% and 72.6% of the respondents knew about rabies and its transmission to man respectively, only 58.7% had updated rabies vaccination for their dogs. Although 56% of the dog owners in this study rightly indicated how rabies is transmitted, 16% and 64.7% didn’t know how humans contract the disease and the clinical presentations in dogs respectively. Most (35.6%) respondents that didn’t have up to date vaccinations for their dogs didn’t have cogent reasons for failing to do so. Dog owners that were not knowledgeable about pre-exposure rabies vaccination were 58.7% while only 7.3 % of them had received previous shots of the vaccine. Dog bite experience was recorded in 78% of the respondents while only 20.7% of the 82.7% that claimed to know what to do when bitten by a dog identified the right course of action. Most (69.3%) respondents however indicated they would seek medical help at the government hospital (40%) if bitten by a rabid dog. The result of this study showed that there is some knowledge gap in the knowledge of rabies among stakeholders in the study area. Periodic mass rabies awareness campaigns to improve the perception of the disease in the study area is indicated.

Amitraz is used worldwide as a pesticide. It produces toxic effects when misused. The present study examined the histopathological changes of Amitraz in the hepatocyte and kidney tissues of laboratory albino rats. Thirty-six albino rats were used and they were randomly divided into six groups. Amitraz was given through oral gavage at different doses as follows: The control group (group one) received 5ml/kg of normal saline, group two received 100mg/kg, group three had 250mg/kg, group four received 500mg/kg , organs extraction from the rats (livers and kidneys) were performed after three hours from giving amitraz administration in groups one, two, three, and four. Group five received 500mg/kg and had organ collection after 5 hours of administration; group six received the same as the last dose and had organ collection after 24 hours of administration. The results revealed that Amitraz produced severe histopathological effects on the liver and kidney tissues compared to the control group. The changes were obvious in rats treated with high-dose groups. Severe and significant histopathological changes were evident in the hepatocyte and kidney tissues in group six of the treated rats compared to groups 5 and 4. While the lowest given dose group showed normal tissues, indicating that Amitraz requires a larger quantity to produce the histopathological action. The study concluded that Amitraz has hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects when an overdose is used.

Urinary crystals and uroliths could harm cats by causing local or systemic symptoms that could vary from mild to severe. Regardless of the type of stone, the diagnostic methods are the same. However, in addition to detecting the stone alone, revealing the factors causing the formation of the stone is important in increasing the patients quality of life and in guiding the treatment. In some of these cases, the underlying causes can be revealed, while in others, no cause can be found. Some recent studies have reported that unexplained urinary crystals and uroliths may be associated with many hormonal disorders, especially thyroid hormones. In order to reveal the cause of the struvite stone, hormonal analyses were performed on the patient in the light of current studies, and in the end, although the patient did not show any clinical symptoms, hyperthyroidism was detected in accordance with the studies. As a result, it was concluded that in patients with alkaline urine with sterile struvite crystals and uroliths, it would be beneficial to monitor some hormone levels, especially the thyroid, and to reveal the relationship between struvite and thyroid with more comprehensive studies to be done in the future.

Sulfur is one of the most reactive chemical elements, The EPA (environmental protection agency) has labeled elemental sulfur as generally safe. This study sheds light on the ability of sulfur to cause toxic biochemical effects by measuring biochemical changes in many parameters. The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST), Glutathione (GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose in blood plasma, brain, and liver of mice. Mice were orally dosed with sulfur at doses of 4 and 8 kg b.wt. which significantly decreased blood sugar level, ALT, and AST activity at 8 g/kg .in blood plasma after 4 and 1 day. On the other hand, administration of sulfur at doses of 1 and 4 g/kg b.wt, after 7 and 14 days of repeated treatment with it led to a significant decrease in the level of GSH in blood plasma and liver of mice with a significant increase in the level of GSH in the brain, while the 3doses of sulfur caused a significant increase of MDA level in blood plasma, brain, and liver of treated mice. The results of our follow-up testing also showed the biochemical effects of sulfur on both ALT and AST enzymes; it showed a slight increase in the level of both enzymes in blood plasma and a significant decrease in the level of brain GSH after 24 hrs of treatment. In contrast, the level of brain GSH significantly increased after 14 days of sulfur dosing, with a significant increase in the activity of both enzymes(ALT, AST) which indicates the persistence of the toxic effect on the liver. We conclude from this study the possibility and ability of sulfur to cause toxic biochemical effects in mice.

This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic turkeys and infection rates of gastrointestinal parasites infesting turkeys and the relationship with their ages. Seventy-one dropping samples were randomly collected from turkeys reared in Erbil city from April 2019 to the end of June 2019.